Random Idea English: Random-ise: Shakespeare and -ize suffix verbs

Thursday, August 15, 2013

Random-ise: Shakespeare and -ize suffix verbs

This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page.

In books published in Shakespeare's day, we can expect the -ize suffix verbs to be spelt with a z, and that seems mainly the case. The only examples of these words I can find spelt with s are a couple of instances of sympathise, and one of warrantise, but here it's a noun. My other area of interest is how many ize-suffix verbs Shakespeare used, and how many of those were new, or relatively so.

Shakespeare seems to have used about thirty different -ize verbs, or variations on them, in about seventy instances, not really so many for such a huge collection of works. Five of them seem more or less unique to Shakespeare: annothanize, monarchize, royalize, sanctuarize, sluggardize.

From Wikipedia

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time."

List of -ize words in Shakespeare

This is a list of all the instances of -ize suffix words I've been able to find in the Project Gutenberg text of the complete works. Click on linked words to see their definitions and origins at Dictionary.com. The dates of origin are from Dictionary.com. Those marked Shak are attributed to Shakespeare in Dictionary.com. Those with *** are possible coinages of his. It should also be noted that the dates of origin attributed to a few of others are also very close to the time Shakespeare's works were written.

agnize	1525-35 from Latin
anatomize	1400-1500 from Middle French or Medieval Latin
anatomize (2)
anatomiz'd (3)
annothanize***	seems to be the only instance of this word, anywhere
authorized (2)	1350-1400 from ML (replacing ME from MF)
baptiz'd	1250-1300 from LL
bastardizing	1580-90 bastard + ize
canonize	1350-1400 ME canon + ize
canoniz'd (2)
canonized (2)
catechize (3)	1375-1425 LL from G
cauterizing	1350-1400 LL from G
cognizance (2)	1250-1300 ME from MF (=LL)
eterniz'd	1560-70 ML
gormandize	1540-50 MF gourmand + ise
gormandizing
immortaliz'd	1560-70 immortal + ize
infamonize	- literary, obsolete (Collins)
memorize	1585-95 memeor(y) + ize
memoriz'd
marchandized	Late 14C MF
monarchize ***	Shak
moralize (3)	1350-1400 ML
naturalize	1585-95 natural + ize
partialize	1585-95 F
particularize	1580-95 MF
recognizance	1350-1400 OF
recognizances
royalize ***	Shak
sanctuarize ***	Shak
scandaliz'd (2)	1480-90 LL
sluggardiz'd ***	Shak
solemnize (2)	1350-1400 ML
solemniz'd (4)
solemnized (2)
sympathize (2)	1580-90 MF
sympathiz'd
sympathized (2)
temporize (3)	1570-80 ML
temporiz'd
temporizer
tyrannize (3)	1485-95 LL
unauthorized
warrantize

The strange case of merchandise / merchandize

There are a couple of lines in Sonnet 102 that most sources give as:

That love is merchandized, whose rich esteeming,
The owner's tongue doth publish every where.

The verb merchandise is rather interesting. There is a noun merchandise

'mid-13c., "trading, commerce;" mid-14c., "commodities of commerce, wares, articles for sale or trade," from Anglo-French marchaundise, Old French marcheandise "goods, merchandise; trade, business" (12c.)' (Online Etymology Dictionary).

There is a corresponding verb from the late 14th century, which could have come from this noun with its French origins, or it might have come into being by adding an -ize ending to the existing English merchant.

So although it is usually seen as belonging to the group of French -ise verbs, it also has a claim to belong to the group of -ize suffix verbs. In dictonaries it is usually listed under merchandise, with some dictionaries giving the -ize as an alternative for the verb (but not the noun).

Incidentally, in this facsimile of Sonnet 102, it clearly appears as : marchandized.

Table of -ize words in context

Search

You can search for words or phrases in Shakespeare here, or try and find them in the facsimile pages linked to below. You can also try the links to Google Book editions, but these are a bit hit and miss. The best idea is probably just to do a standard web search. Clicking on the G on the right will look up the relevant quotation in Google Search.

Links in the left hand column are to facsimile versions from the First Folio (1623) and first quartos. Links in the centre are to whatever edition at Google Books has been selected. Clicking on the G on the right will take you to Google Search.

Select edition in Google Books:

Sonnet 35	Authorizing thy trespass with compare	G
Sonnet 82	Thou truly fair, wert truly sympathized	G
Sonnet 102	That love is merchandized, whose rich esteeming,	G
Sonnet 150	There is such strength and warrantise of skill	G
A Lover's complaint	His rudeness so with his authorized youth	G
All's well the ends well. Act I Scene I	which my instruction shall serve to naturalize thee	G
All's well the ends well. Act IV Scene III	I would gladly have him see his company anatomiz'd	G
As you like it. Act I Scene I	but should I anatomize him to thee as he is	G
As you like it. Act II Scene I	Did he not moralize this spectacle?	G
As you like it. Act II Scene VII	The wise man's folly is anatomiz'd	G
As you like it. Act III Scene II	the contract of her marriage and the day it is solemniz'd	G
Coriolanus Act I Scene I	is as an inventory to particularize their abundance	G
Coriolanus Act IV Scene VI	might have been much better, if he could have temporiz'd	G
Comedy of Errors Act IV Scene I	That by this sympathized one day's error	G
Hamlet Act I Scene IV	Why thy canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death	G
Hamlet Act IV Scene VII	No place indeed should murther sanctuarize	G
Hamlet Act V Scene I	with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines	G
Henry IV Part I Act I Scene III	Live scandaliz'd and foully spoken of	G
Henry IV Part I Act V Scene I	Theft with the losers let it sympathize	G
Henry IV Part II Induction	My well-known body to anatomize	G
Henry V Act V Scene V	Leave gormandizing; know the grave doth gape	G
Henry VI Part I Act I Scene II	Drive them from Orleans, and be immortaliz'd.	G
Henry VI Part I Act I Scene III	Break up the gates, I'll be your warrantize	G
Henry VI Part I Act II Scene IV	As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate,	G
Henry VI Part I Act V Scene III	And make this marriage to be solemniz'd	G
Henry VI Part II, Act I Scene II	Are brazen images of canonized saints.	G
Henry VI Part II Act V Scene III	Shall be eterniz'd in all age to come	G
Henry VI Part III Act III Scene II	which shall in it be memoriz'd	G
King John Act I Scene I	Why then I suck my teeth and catechize	G
King John Act II Scene I	The rites of marriage shall be solemniz'd.	G
King John Act III Scene I	To solemnize this day the glorious sun	G
King John Act III Scene I	Canonized, and worshipp'd as a saint	G
King John Act III Scene IV	And thou shalt be canoniz'd, Cardinal	G
King John Act V Scene II	And will not temporize with my entreaties	G
King John Act V Scene VII	Is as a fiend confin'd to tyrannize	G
Julius Caesar Act II Scene II	For tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance	G
King Lear Act I Scene II	twinkled on my bastardizing (7)	G
King Lear Act III Scene VI	Then let them anatomize Regan	G
Love's Labour's Lost Act II Scene I	Of Jaques Falconbridge, solemnized	G
Love's Labour's Lost Act III Scene I	A message well sympathiz'd- a horse to be ambassador for an ass	G
Love's Labour's Lost Act IV Scene I	which to annothanize in the vulgar	G
Love's Labour's Lost Act V Scene II	Dost thou infamonize me among potentates?	G
Macbeth Act I Scene II	Or memorize another Golgotha	G
Macbeth Act III Scene IV	Authorized by her grandam. Shame itself!	G
The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene V	Thou shalt not gormandize as thou hast done with me	G
The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene IX	Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemniz'd	G
The Merchant of Venice Act III Scene II	And, when your honours mean to solemnize	G
Much Ado About Nothing Act I Scene I	Well, you will temporize with the hours	G
Othello Act I Scene III	I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity	G
Othello Act III Scene IV	I will catechize the world for him	G
Othello Act IV Scene I	An unauthorized kiss	G
Othello Act V Scene II	With that recognizance and pledge of love	G
Richard II Act I Scene I	Should nothing privilege him nor partialize	G
Richard II Act I Scene II	To monarchize, be fear'd, and kill with look	G
Richard II Act V Scene I	For why, the senseless brands will sympathize	G
Richard III Act I Scene III	To royalize his blood I spent mine own	G
Richard III Act III Scene II	moralize two meanings in one word	G
Romeo and Juliet Act II Scene II	Call me but love, and I'll be new baptiz'd	G
Taming of the Shrew Act Iv Scene IV	I pray thee moralize them	G
The Tempest Act V Scene 1	Of these our dear-belov'd solemnized	G
Timon Act V Scene I	Be as a cauterizing to the root o' th' tongue	G
Titus Andronicus Act III Scene II	Is left to tyrannize upon my breast	G
Titus Andronicus Act IV Scene III	On him that thus doth tyrannize o'er me	G
Troilus and Cressida Act II Scene II	And fame in time to come canonize us	G
Troilus and Cressida Act IV Scene IV	If I could temporize with my affections	G
Twelfth Night Act I Scene V	I must catechize you for it, madonna	G
Two Gentlemen of Verona Act I Scene I	Than, living dully sluggardiz'd at home	G
Two Gentlemen of Verona Act II Scene VII	I fear me it will make me scandaliz'd	G
The Winter's Tale Act I Scene II	Or else a hovering temporizer that	G

-ize suffix words spelt with s in Shakespeare

Sonnet 150	There is such strength and warrantise of skill,	G
Henry V Act III Scene VII	Just, just! and the men do sympathise with the mastiffs	G
Troilus and Cressida Act I Scene III	As rous'd with rage, with rage doth sympathise	G