This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page.
Suffix -ize verbs - about 76 instances of 1 verb and its variations
Only one -ize suffix verb - baptize, in five variations (that I can find), is used in the body of the King James Bible, published in 1611, although there is one instance of dogmatize in the introduction. Even though the King James Bible is often referred to as the 'Authorised (or Authorized) Version', the word authorized doesn't seem to appear anywhere. In the frontispiece, is describes it as being 'By his Majesties speciall commandment ...Appointed to be read in churches'
The easiest way to see all the instances is to click on the numbers listed under KJBO in the table.
PJ = Project Gutenberg - KJBO = King James Bible Online
- UM = University of Michigan
PJ | KJBO | UM | Intro | |
Introduction | ||||
dogmatize | 1 | |||
The Bible proper | ||||
baptize | 9 | 8 | 9 | |
baptized | 64 | 61 | 61 | |
baptizing | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
baptizeth | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
baptizest | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Searching at KJBO and the University of Michigan will bring up a list of instances. At Project Gutenberg there's a searchable HTML file. The discrepancies are no doubt due to my bad counting.
Baptize
Baptize was one of the first -ize suffix verbs, if not the first, to enter the English language. Dictionary.com has it between 1250-1300, Online Etymology at c.1300. It is generally agreed to have come via Old French batisier, which itself came from Latin baptizare, which in turn came from Greek baptizein (to immerse, to dip in water) - the classic route for -ize suffix verbs.
While many publishers changed the spelling of other -ize suffix verbs to -ise during the 19th century, this doesn't appear to have happened with baptize, perhaps because of the power of the King James Bible, and the Book of Common Prayer, first published in 1549, but with a major revision in 1662, where baptizm also appears with a z.
As was fairly typical, printers weren't always consistent. In the second volume of 'A scriptural Commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel according to St. Matthew ...' by C.L. Coghlan, published in London in 1832, -ize is the preferred option (baptized 44, baptize 10 , baptizing 13) but they still manage nine instances of baptised.
Authorised, but baptized
In the New Testament of the only official revision of the King James Bible, the 'Revised Version', published in 1882, and in the 'Corrected English New Testament', published by Samuel LLoyd, of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1905, the King James Bible is referred to as the Authorised Version (with an s), but all instances of baptized are left with their original z spellings.
Today
In today's media, however, the -ise ending now dominates, as shown by these site searches:
baptized | baptised | |
Guardian | 5 | 51 |
Independent | 18 | 580 |
Telegraph | 82 | 600 |
Times | 4 | 95 |
BBC | 287 | 613 |
The Church of England itself, on the other hand, still seems to favour the z spelling, at least on its own official website, although there are also a few examples with s. In a PDF giving the order of service, they give the key words as:
'I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, Amen'
On the page introducing baptism, however, they seem to be hedging their bets, writing:
'In the Anglican Church it is common to baptise young children; this is sometimes known as christening.'
closely followed by:
'Baptism is a 'sacrament' (holy ritual to symbolise grace) in the Christian tradition that is traced back to Jesus himself being baptized in the river Jordan.'
(My underlining in all examples)
Authorised Version - Update
As a result of a comment from vp (see below), I got interested in as to when people started calling the King James Bible the 'Authorised Version' (whether with an s or a z).
As I mentioned earlier, the 1611 King James Version doesn't include this description. At a quick look, neither the Cambridge edition of 1760, nor the better known Oxford version of 1769 mention the word 'authorized' either, and both have much the same frontispiece as the 1611 original.
Wikipedia gives the date of 1814 for the first use of 'Authorized Version' in the title, but unfortunately I can't find this in the link they give. And apparently the OED records a usage in 1824. But I think we can do better than that. I’ve found a reference from 1811, in the Monthly Magazine and British Register, (Page 296) which gives news of the formation of the Norfolk and Norwich Bible Society, one of whose resolutions is that 'the bibles and testaments to be circulated by the society shall be .. of the authorised version only.'
Interestingly, in connection with my main line of enquiry here, the Monthly Magazine and British Register for 1806 has six incidences of 'authorised' and six of 'authorized'. But none of them are in connection with the Bible, unfortunately.
The earliest reference I can find in Google Books to 'Authorized version' as part of the title is in a book of Psalms 'according to the authorised version' published in London in 1825. And the earliest edition of the Bible I’ve been able to find is an 1825-1827 edition of the Duoglott Bible, a bilingual Welsh and English bible which was first published in Swansea in 1823, beating the OED reference by a year. After that, Google Books also have an 1839 edition from the SPCK, and an 1841 one from Longman, both with the 'authorized version' appellation.
There are also links at Wikipedia to three earlier mentions of 'authorized version' in pamphlets, books etc, one from 1783, one from 1792, and one from 1801.
Here's how the history of 'authorised version' in British books appears in Ngram Viewer:
Comparison with earlier versions of the Bible
Google Books have an edition of the English Hexapla, published in 1841, where it is possible to compare six 'important translations' of the bible, together with the Greek original.
Here is a list of the main translations of the Bible into English leading up up to the King James Version. You can get a potted history of these at the Catholic Encyclopedia and individual accounts at Wikipedia, all linked to below. There is also a very detailed history in the introduction to the English Hexapla itself. Those marked with triple asterisks (***) are in the Hexapla. The names of the monarchs are simply given for time reference.
The versions used in the Hexapla are all from First Editions, or in the case of Tyndale, from his own revision, and for Wycliffe, collated from contemporary manuscripts.
Richard II 1337-1399
- Wycliffe's Bible 1382-95 ***
Henry VIII 1509-1547
- Tyndale Bible 1526-1536 ***
- Coverdale's Bible 1535
- Matthew Bible 1537
- Taverner's Bible 1539
- The Great Bible ('Cranmer's Bible') 1539-1541 ***
Elizabeth 1558-1603
- Geneva Bible 1560 ***
- Bishop's Bible 1568, revised 1572 ***
- Douay-Rheims Bible 1582-1610 ***
James I 1603-1623
- King James Bible (Authorized Version) 1611 ***
The English Hexapla 1841
Click on the words to see their instances in all six versions in the English Hexapla at Google Books.
Wycliffe 1380 | Tyndal 1534 | Cranmer 1539 | Geneva 1557 | Rheims 1582 | KJB 1611 | |
baptize | 9 | 9 | 9 | |||
baptise | 7 | 7 | 5 | |||
baptyse | 2 | 5 | ||||
baptized | 1 | 60 | 54 | 61 | ||
baptised | 2 | 53 | 31 | |||
baptysed | 6 | 25 | ||||
baptizing | 2 | 5 | 5 | |||
baptising | 1 | |||||
baptisynge | 1 | 1 | ||||
baptizeth | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||
baptizest | 1 | 1 | ||||
total | 10 | 69 | 68 | 74 | 71 | 78 |
Comparing the six versions, a few things become clear:
- All three earlier versions use -ise endings
- All three later versions exclusively use -ize endings
- The incidence of -ize suffix verbs is very low in the earliest version - Wycliffe
- There were alternative s spellings with y - baptyse, baptysed and baptisyng.The first two were particularly common in the Great Bible ('Cranmer').
French -ise verbs in the 1611 King James Bible
266 instances of 12 verbs and their variants
Click on the numbers under KJBO to see the words in context
PJ | KJBO | Intro | |
advertise | 2 | 2 | |
advise | 3 | 3 | 1 |
advised | 2 | 2 | 1 |
chastise | 10 | 10 | chastised | 6 | 6 |
circumcise | 10 | 10 | |
circumcised | 39 | 39 | |
circumcising | 2 | 2 | despise | 36 | 37 | 2 |
despised | 58 | 60 | 1 |
despising | 1 | 1 | |
devise | 16 | 16 | |
devised | 12 | 12 | 1 |
devising | 1 | ||
disguise | 3 | 3 | |
disguised | 5 | 5 | |
exercise | 11 | 11 | 1 |
exercised | 6 | 6 | 1 |
prised | 1 | 1 | |
revise | 1 | ||
revising | 1 | ||
surmised | 1 | ||
surprised | 3 | 3 | |
uncircumcised | 40 | 43 |
All -ize suffix verbs and French -ise verbs in the 1611 King James Bible in context
Introduction
From the introduction at King James Bible Online
This as they appear in the Project Gutenberg edition, in the order they appear in the bible. Click on a quote to check it in Google Search
Old Testament
New Testament
In the Old Testament, there are no entries in: Ezra, Daniel, Joel, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah or Heggai
In the New Testament, there are no entries in: General Epistle of John, Revelations
Links
Searchable versions of the King James Bible online
- The King James Bible at Project Gutenberg (HTML version for easy searching)
- King James Bible Online.org - excellent search facility
- University of Michigan
- KJV Bible.net
- Translaters' introduction to the KJB at King James Bible Online.org
Facsimile versions of the King James Bible online
Wikipedia
- Bible Translations
- The Vulgate
- Wycliffe's Bible 1382-1395
- Tyndale Bible 1526-1536
- Coverdale Bible 1535
- Matthew Bible 1537
- Taverner's Bible 1539
- The Great Bible ('Cranmer's Bible') 1539-1541
- Geneva Bible 1560
- Bishop's Bible 1568, revised 1572
- Douay-Rheims Bible 1582-1610
- King James Version 1611
- Revised Version 1881-1894
At Google Books
- The English Hexapla, London 1841 six key translations
- The Book of Common Prayer, etc 1808 (new York) - baptised 3, (z 30)
- A scriptural commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel ..., Volume 2 - London 1832 - baptised - 9, baptized 44, baptize 10 (s 0), baptizing 13 (s 0)
- Google Books, edition unknown
Other
- King James Bible - British Library
- Tyndale Bible - British Library
- Versions of the Bible - Catholic Encyclopedia
- Revised Authorised Version - New Testament- Archive.org (London 1910)
- The Corrected Authorised Version - Samuel Lloyd, London 1909 - Arrchive.org
- Emergency baptism
- Church of England - Baptism
Wow -- great post!
ReplyDeleteBTW, the King James Bible doesn't seem to have been referred to as the "Authori{s|z}ed Version" before the nineteenth century -- Wikipedia has some references.
Thanks for that, that's interesting and I'd rather missed it. However I've done a little poking around in Google Books, and can perhaps beat the OED by a year.
ReplyDeleteIn response to your comment I've added a section - 'The Authorised Version - Update'.
Thanks again.