This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of
-ize suffix verbs and their spelling (
-ize or
-ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the
-ize / -ise page. For more on the spelling of
-ize verbs in periodicals, see the
Periodicals start page.
The Quarterly Review 1809 - 1967
The Quarterly Review was founded in 1809, to act as a counterbalance to the Whig Edinburgh Review. The founders included George Canning (later a Conservative Prime Minister), Robert Southey (later Poet Laureate) and the novelist Sir Walter Scott, and it was published by the eminent London publisher John Murray. It became one of the 19th century’s most influential journals.
Quarterly Review Org
(John Murray II) launched ... the Quarterly Review in 1809, with William Gifford as its editor. He bought the publishing business of William Miller (1769–1844), and migrated to 50 Albemarle Street. Literary London flocked to his house, and Murray became the centre of the publishing world. It was in his drawing-room that Scott and Byron first met.
Wikipedia
The Quarterly Review was revived in 2007 and appeared in print till 2011, when it went Internet only.
John Murray
The Quarterly Review apparently played an important role in launching the career of Jane Austen (although not, perhaps, in the way we would understand the expression today). For her fourth book, Emma, published at the end of 1815 Austen chose John Murray as her publisher. Austen wrote of Murray in a letter - 'he is a Rogue of course, but a civil one'. Murray also published work by Walter Scott and Lord Byron.
Searching at Google Books
The good news is that there are plenty of volumes available at Google Books, although finding them all is not as easy as you might think. For some reason it doesn't just come up with page after page of volumes. The bad news is that searching Google Books is a fairly lengthy process. In an HTML file you can search for any word containing ize, ized, izing, ization for example. But Google Books Search only finds exact whole words. Searching for criticize, for example, won't even bring up criticized.
As I can't do a general search for all -ize verbs, I've chosen ten commonly used -ize verbs and their variations, which gives us use of participles as well as standard verb forms, and in six of the ten, -ization nouns. The Google count figures are for pages with the relevant words. The actual count could be bigger. I've taken Google's figures except where I spot a French word being used, which would boost the s figures.
Google Books treats the volumes I've been looking at in one of two forms. Most out-of-copyright books are in Full View, which means you can open them up to read, download them as PDFs or in e-book format etc. All the volumes up to Volume 131 (1877) are of this type. The later volumes, however, only exist in Snippet View, where you can get search results, but you can't open up pages. Most importantly for my purposes, you can't open up the title pages with its information regarding publisher, place of publishing and printer.
There is meant to be a search facility at the Quarterly Review Archive, but I didn't find it particularly helpful. A search for 'organized', probably one of the most commonly used of the -ize verbs at the Quaterly Review, for example, comes up with one instance (compared with over a hundred in just the 24 volumes I've looked at), with none at all for 'organised'.
Observations on the treatment of -ize verbs at the QR
- For much of the nineteenth century, there doesn't seem to have been any editorial policy regarding the use of z or s in -ize suffix verbs.
- From the start of publication in 1809 to about 1877, there is a noticeably steady drift from z to s. Although z made a bit of a comeback in Volume 131 and especially in Volume 133, this trend continued until approximately the end of the 1870s.
- In the 1880s and possibly 1890s, there appears to have been a definite policy in favour of z.
- But by 1905, this seems to have been reversed, and s was used almost exclusively (at least one of the two instances in Vol 203 appears to be an advertisement.
- By 1958, we're back with z.
Why the dramatic changes?
The answer to this is anyone's guess. Who was responsible for these decisions - writers, sub-editors, publisher or printer? I simply don't know. For much of the nineteenth century it looks like a free-for-all, although at certain times there seems to have been a deliberate policy (in one direction or the other).
I've listed the editors below (from Wikipedia), but I can't see any connections there. William Smith (Vols 122-177) seems to have presided over both extremes.
For much of its life, the Quarterly Review was printed by one firm of printers, William Clowes of Stamford Street, London, from Volume 36 in 1827 to at least Vol 219 in 1913 (although I haven't checked every volume). Before that it had been C.Roworth of Bell Yard, Temple Bar. So I don't think we can put it down to change of printer either.
Clowes was apparently a pioneer of the steam-powered printing press, and he moved into new premises in 1827, the same year he started printing the Quarterly Review.
(these premises) in Duke Street, Blackfriars, ... became the largest printing works in the world, printing a wide variety of works and employing over 500 workers directly.
Wikipedia
List of Nineteenth Century editors (from Wikipedia)
| William Gifford | February 1809 – December 1824 | 1-31 |
| John Taylor Coleridge | March 1825 – December 1825 | 31-33 |
| John Gibson Lockhart | March 1826 – June 1853 | 33-93 |
| Whitwell Elwin | September 1853 – July 1860 | 93-108 |
| William Macpherson | October 1860 – January 1867 | 108-122 |
| William Smith | April 1867 – July 1893 | 122-177 |
| John Murray IV | October 1893 – January 1894 | 177-178 |
| Rowland Edmund Prothero | April 1894 – January 1899 | 178-189 |
| George Walter Prothero | April 1899 – October 1900 | 189-192 |
Main table comparing -ize verbs spelt with a z and with an s.
| -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | total | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation | total |
| 1809 Vol 1 |
27 | 47 | 8 | 21 | 103 |
4 | 16 | 10 | 1 | 31 |
| 1816 Vol 14 |
17 | 37 | 2 | 10 | 66 |
1 | 4 | | | 5 |
| 1826 Vol 33 |
16 | 38 | 4 | 9 | 67 |
1 | 2 | | | 3 |
| 1833 Vol 49 |
9 | 32 | 7 | 7 | 55 |
6 | 5 | | | 11 |
| 1836 Vol 57 |
11 | 25 | 1 | 17 | 54 |
4 | 17 | 1 | | 22 |
| 1848 Vol 83 |
9 | 35 | 3 | 42 | 89 |
27 | 21 | 10 | 6 | 64 |
| 1853 Vol 94 |
7 | 28 | 3 | 22 | 60 |
10 | 46 | 10 | 25 | 91 |
| 1869 Vol 126 |
| 8 | 11 | | 19 |
23 | 63 | 8 | 15 | 109 |
| 1869 Vol 127 |
2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 |
26 | 46 | 5 | 34 | 111 |
| 1870 Vol 128 |
| 9 | 3 | 1 | 13 |
25 | 72 | 8 | 28 | 133 |
| 1871 Vol 130 |
7 | 19 | 3 | 21 | 50 |
28 | 53 | 7 | 45 | 133 |
| 1871 Vol 131 |
13 | 28 | 7 | 35 | 85 |
21 | 33 | 9 | 21 | 84 |
| 1872 Vol 133 |
26 | 53 | 13 | 27 | 119 |
9 | 21 | 5 | 2 | 37
|
| 1874 Vol 136 |
4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 13 |
39 | 77 | 11 | 30 | 157 |
| 1875 Vol 138 |
4 | 6 | | 8 | 18 |
29 | 80 | 6 | 34 | 149 |
| 1877 Vol 143 |
1 | | | 2 | 3 |
24 | 54 | 12 | 46 | 136 |
| 1877 Vol 144 |
1 | 1 | | | 2 |
42 | 60 | 11 | 47 | 160 |
| 1880 Vol 149 |
23 | 57 | 6 | 44 | 130 |
4 | 1 | | 1 | 6 |
| 1891 Vol 172 |
37 | 103 | 10 | 30 | 180 |
3 | 9 | | 2 | 14 |
| 1905 Vol 203 |
| 2 | | | 2 |
39 | 109 | 10 | 60 | 218 |
| 1907 Vol 206 |
| | | | 0 |
38 | 87 | 20 | 82 | 227 |
| 1913 Vol 219 |
| | | | 0 |
42 | 76 | 13 | 44 | 175 |
| 1923 Vol 240 |
| | | | 0 |
26 | 42 | 14 | 25 | 107 |
| 1958 Vol 296 |
32 | 71 | 8 | 60 | 171 |
| | | 1 | 1 |
A comparison between two editions of Vol 33 1826
Google have two editions of the same volume, one published in London and one in Boston, Mass. There is virtually no difference between these editions - one criticise changed to criticize. The rest can probably be put down to the search process.
| -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | total | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation | total |
| London |
16 | 38 | 4 | 9 | 67 |
1 | 2 | | | 3 |
| Boston |
14 | 38 | 4 | 9 | 65 |
2 | 1 | | | 3 |
Breakdown by -ize verbs and their variations
You can check the instances at Google Books by clicking on the numbers. Up to Vol 131 this will give you a full view and you'll be able to open up the pages. Later volumes will give search results only.
Vol 1 - February & May 1809 ('London printed, reprinted New York 1810')
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | 1 | | | | 1 | | |
| authorise |
6 | 5 | | | 2 | 3 | | |
| characterise |
8 | 5 | 1 | | | 3 | | |
| civilise |
| 22 | 2 | 16 | | | | 1 |
| criticise |
2 | 3 | | | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| monopolise |
1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| organise |
1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | | | | |
| realise |
| 6 | 2 | | | 1 | | |
| recognise |
| 1 | | | | 7 | 7 | |
| sympathise |
8 | | 2 | | | | | |
| totals |
27 | 47 | 8 | 21 |
4 | 16 | 10 | 1 |
Vol 14 Oct 1815 & Jan 1816
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | | | | | | | |
| authorise |
1 | 2 | | | | | | |
| characterise |
| 3 | | | | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| 15 | 2 | 9 | | | | |
| criticise |
1 | | | | | | | |
| legalise |
1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| monopolise |
| 1 | | | | | | |
| organise |
1 | 3 | | 1 | | 1 | | |
| recognise |
8 | 12 | | | | 2 | | |
| sympathise |
4 | | | | 1 | | | |
| totals |
17 | 37 | 2 | 10 |
1 | 4 | | |
Vol 33 Dec 1825 & March 1826 (Published in London)
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | | 1 | | | | | |
| authorise |
2 | 7 | | | | | | |
| characterise |
1 | 2 | | | | | | |
| civilise |
| 9 | | 9 | | | | |
| criticise |
1 | | | | | 1 | | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 8 | 2 | | | | | |
| realise |
2 | 2 | | | | | | |
| recognise |
6 | 9 | | | | 1 | | |
| sympathise |
3 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | | |
| totals |
16 | 38 | 4 | 9 |
1 | 2 | | |
Vol 33 Dec 1825 & March 1826 (Published in Boston)
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | | 1 | | | | | |
| authorise |
2 | 6 | | | | | | |
| characterise |
1 | 2 | | | | | | |
| civilise |
| 9 | | 9 | | | | |
| criticise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 8 | 2 | | | | | |
| realise |
2 | 2 | | | | | | |
| recognise |
5 | 10 | | | | | | |
| sympathise |
3 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | | |
| totals |
14 | 38 | 4 | 9 |
2 | 1 | | |
Vol 49 April July 1833
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 1 | | | | 1 | | |
| characterise |
4 | 9 | | | | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| 14 | 1 | 5 | 1 | | | |
| criticise |
1 | | | | | | | |
| monopolise |
| 2 | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 3 | | 2 | | | | |
| realise |
2 | | 4 | | | 1 | | |
| recognise |
1 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 2 | | |
| sympathise |
1 | 1 | | | 1 | | | |
| totals |
9 | 32 | 7 | 7 |
6 | 5 | | |
Vol 57 Sep & Dec 1836
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | | 1 | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 3 | | | | 1 | | |
| characterise |
1 | 2 | | | | 3 | | |
| civilise |
| 5 | | 7 | | | | |
| criticise |
1 | | | | | 2 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
2 | 1 | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 6 | | 9 | | 1 | | |
| realise |
| 4 | | 1 | | 2 | | |
| recognise |
3 | 4 | | | 3 | 8 | | |
| sympathise |
3 | | | | 1 | | | |
| totals |
11 | 25 | 1 | 17 |
4 | 17 | 1 | |
Vol 83 June & Sept 1848
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
1 | 4 | 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
| characterise |
1 | 5 | | | 3 | 2 | | |
| civilise |
| 9 | | 20 | 1 | 2 | | 3 |
| criticise |
| | | | 4 | | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
1 | 12 | | 20 | | 2 | | 2 |
| realise |
| 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| recognise |
5 | | 1 | | 13 | 12 | 4 | |
| sympathise |
1 | | | | 2 | | 1 | |
| totals |
9 | 35 | 3 | 42 |
27 | 21 | 10 | 6 |
Vol 94 Dec 1853 Mar 1854
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 3 | 1 | |
| characterise |
1 | 4 | | | 2 | 5 | | |
| civilise |
| 13 | | 14 | 1 | 11 | | 19 |
| criticise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 3 | 1 | 7 | | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| realise |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| recognise |
5 | 7 | 1 | | 4 | 16 | 1 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | | | 5 | |
| totals |
7 | 28 | 3 | 22 |
10 | 46 | 10 | 25 |
Vol 126 Jan & Apr 1869
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| 2 | | | | 6 | | |
| characterise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| civilise |
| 1 | | 4 | | 6 | | 3 |
| criticise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 5 | | 7 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 8 |
| realise |
| | | | 5 | 9 | 1 | 4 |
| recognise |
| | | | 11 | 25 | 4 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 3 | | 1 | |
| totals |
| 8 | 11 | |
23 | 63 | 8 | 15 |
Vol 127 1869
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 3 | | |
| characterise |
| | 1 | | 1 | 3 | | |
| civilise |
| | | 4 | | 6 | 1 | 12 |
| criticise |
| | | | | | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | 2 | | |
| organise |
| | | | 2 | 9 | 2 | 19 |
| realise |
2 | | | 1 | 3 | 3 | | 3 |
| recognise |
| | | | 13 | 18 | | |
| sympathise |
| 1 | 1 | | 6 | 2 | 1 | |
| totals |
2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
26 | 46 | 5 | 34 |
Vol 128 Jan & Apr 1870
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 7 | | | 1 | 12 | 1 | |
| characterise |
| 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| civilise |
| | | | | 10 | 1 | 17 |
| criticise |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| organise |
| 1 | 2 | | 1 | 8 | 2 | 11 |
| realise |
| | 1 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 1 | |
| recognise |
| | | | 10 | 26 | | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 3 | 2 | | |
| totals |
| 9 | 3 | 1 |
25 | 72 | 8 | 28 |
Vol 130 January & April 1871
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| authorise |
| 1 | | 1 | | 4 | | 1 |
| characterise |
| | | | | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| 8 | | 7 | | 7 | | 14 |
| criticise |
| | 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 2 | | 13 | 7 | 12 | 4 | 28 |
| realise |
6 | 1 | 2 | | 8 | 10 | | 2 |
| recognise |
| 7 | | | 11 | 16 | | |
| sympathise |
1 | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| totals |
7 | 19 | 3 | 21 |
28 | 53 | 7 | 45 |
Vol 131 Jul & Oct 1871
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | 1 | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| 2 | | | | 2 | | |
| characterise |
4 | 2 | | | | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| 4 | | 8 | | 4 | | 8 |
| criticise |
| | 1 | | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | 1 | | | | | |
| organise |
2 | 9 | 1 | 25 | | 5 | 4 | 13 |
| realise |
1 | 4 | | 2 | 1 | 4 | | |
| recognise |
6 | 7 | | | 16 | 15 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | 3 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| totals |
13 | 28 | 7 | 35 |
21 | 33 | 9 | 21 |
Vol 133 1872
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| 1 | 2 | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 8 | 1 | 1 | | 3 | | |
| characterise |
| 4 | 1 | | | | | |
| civilise |
| 7 | | 15 | | 3 | | 1 |
| criticise |
2 | 3 | 1 | | | | | |
| monopolise |
2 | 1 | 1 | | | | | |
| organise |
5 | 10 | 3 | 11 | | | | |
| realise |
3 | 2 | 1 | | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 |
| recognise |
9 | 17 | 2 | | 6 | 8 | 3 | |
| sympathise |
5 | | 1 | | | | | |
| totals |
26 | 53 | 13 | 27 |
9 | 21 | 5 | 2 |
Vol 136 1874
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
1 | | | | 1 | | 1 | |
| authorise |
| | | | 1 | 11 | 1 | |
| characterise |
| 1 | | | | 4 | | |
| civilise |
| | | | | 8 | | 10 |
| criticise |
| | | | | | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 19 |
| realise |
1 | | | 1 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| recognise |
2 | 2 | | | 26 | 33 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | 1 | | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| totals |
4 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
39 | 77 | 11 | 30 |
Vol 138 1875
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | 1 |
| authorise |
| | | | | 6 | 1 | |
| characterise |
| | | | 1 | 2 | | |
| civilise |
| 3 | | 1 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 13 |
| criticise |
| | | | 5 | | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | 1 | | |
| organise |
2 | | | 4 | 1 | 12 | | 18 |
| realise |
| 2 | | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| recognise |
2 | 1 | | | 10 | 38 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | | 2 | 4 | | | |
| totals |
4 | 6 | | 8 |
29 | 80 | 6 | 34 |
Vol 143 1877
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 3 | 3 | |
| characterise |
| | | | | 3 | | |
| civilise |
| | | 2 | | 10 | 4 | 35 |
| criticise |
| | | | 2 | 5 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| organise |
| | | | 4 | 9 | 3 | 9 |
| realise |
1 | | | | 4 | 2 | | 2 |
| recognise |
| | | | 10 | 21 | 1 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 2 | | | |
| totals |
1 | | | 2 |
24 | 54 | 12 | 46 |
Vol 144 1877
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| characterise |
| | | | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| civilise |
| | | | | 18 | 2 | 25 |
| criticise |
| | | | 9 | | 2 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | 1 | | |
| organise |
| 1 | | | 1 | 9 | 1 | 16 |
| realise |
| | | | 4 | 5 | | 5 |
| recognise |
1 | | | | 21 | 21 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 4 | | 1 | |
| totals |
1 | 1 | | |
42 | 60 | 11 | 47 |
Vol 149 1880
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | 1 | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 4 | 1 | | | | | |
| characterise |
1 | 7 | | | | | | |
| civilise |
| 7 | 1 | 34 | | | | |
| criticise |
| | | | | | | |
| monopolise |
1 | 2 | | | | | | |
| organise |
1 | 8 | 3 | 9 | | | | 1 |
| realise |
6 | 9 | | 1 | 2 | | | |
| recognise |
7 | 20 | | | 2 | 1 | | |
| sympathise |
7 | | | | | | | |
| totals |
23 | 57 | 6 | 44 |
4 | 1 | | 1 |
Vol 172 1891
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
2 | 9 | | | | | | |
| characterise |
1 | 2 | | | | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| 15 | 2 | 14 | | | | |
| criticise |
2 | | | | | 1 | | |
| monopolise |
| 1 | | | | | | |
| organise |
3 | 24 | 6 | 13 | | 2 | | 2 |
| realise |
13 | 14 | | 3 | | 1 | | |
| recognise |
15 | 36 | 2 | | 1 | 3 | | |
| sympathise |
1 | 2 | | | 2 | 1 | | |
| totals |
37 | 103 | 10 | 30 |
3 | 9 | | 2 |
Vol 203 1905
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 2 | | | | 4 | | |
| characterise |
| | | | | 5 | | 5 |
| civilise |
| | | | 1 | 13 | | 18 |
| criticise |
| | | | 6 | 6 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| | | | 3 | 25 | 2 | 33 |
| realise |
| | | | 14 | 18 | 5 | 4 |
| recognise |
| | | | 13 | 36 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 2 | 2 | | |
| totals |
| 2 | | |
39 | 109 | 10 | 60 |
Vol 206 1907
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
| | | | 2 | 6 | | |
| characterise |
| | | | 1 | 12 | | 1 |
| civilise |
| | | | | 1 | | 20 |
| criticise |
| | | | | 2 | 3 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | 1 | | | |
| organise |
| | | | 9 | 20 | 11 | 57 |
| realise |
| | | | 7 | 9 | 2 | 4 |
| recognise |
| | | | 15 | 35 | 4 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 3 | 2 | | |
| totals |
| | | |
38 | 87 | 20 | 82 |
Vol 219 1913
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | 1 | 1 | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 3 | | 1 |
| characterise |
| | | | 1 | 4 | | 2 |
| civilise |
| | | | | 10 | 4 | 9 |
| criticise |
| | | | | 8 | 1 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
| | | | 4 | 9 | | 21 |
| realise |
| | | | 17 | 17 | 4 | 11 |
| recognise |
| | | | 18 | 24 | 2 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 2 | | 1 | |
| totals |
| | | |
42 | 76 | 13 | 44 |
Vol 240 1923
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | 1 | |
| authorise |
| | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| characterise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| civilise |
| | | | | 6 | | 10 |
| criticise |
| | | | 2 | | 2 | |
| monopolise |
| | | | 2 | | | |
| organise |
| | | | 3 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
| realise |
| | | | 9 | 7 | 2 | 5 |
| recognise |
| | | | 7 | 23 | 7 | |
| sympathise |
| | | | 1 | 1 | | |
| totals |
| | | |
26 | 42 | 14 | 25 |
Vol 296 1958
| Verb | -ize | -ise |
| -ize | -ized | -izing | -ization | -ise | -ised | -ising | -isation |
| apologise |
| | | | | | | |
| authorise |
| 5 | | 1 | | | | |
| characterise |
1 | 3 | | 1 | | | | |
| civilise |
1 | 14 | 1 | 36 | | | | 1 |
| criticise |
3 | 2 | | | | | | |
| monopolise |
| | | | | | | |
| organise |
3 | 12 | 1 | 17 | | | | |
| realise |
15 | 17 | 2 | 5 | | | | |
| recognise |
8 | 18 | 4 | | | | | |
| sympathise |
1 | | | | | | | |
| totals |
32 | 71 | 8 | 60 |
| | | 1 |
Links
The Quarterly Review at Google Books (Full view versions)
These are the ones I've been able to find, but there are probably more.
Snippet view versions (searchable)
Congratulations on the detailed research. I seem to remember a big fuss a long time ago, about the 1960s, when the Times changed its house style from -ize to -ise.
ReplyDeleteGeorge Borrow was very pleased to have The Romany Rye (sequel to Lavengro) published by Murray and referred to him in the book ad Glorious John.
Thanks Peter. I see the actual quote is 'Such a book would be sure to take; even glorious John himself would not disdain to publish it.' Which suggests that Murray was rather discerning in what he chose to publish.
ReplyDeleteOn the subject of how -ize verbs were treated in George Borrow's books, I've had a quick look.
Lavengro appears to have been originally published by Murray (1851) with mainly z endings, but editions by Macmillan 1900, and T.N.Foulis (Edinburgh) both have s endings throughout.
I haven't been able to find an original edition of The Romany Rye , but Murray's 'definitive' 1900 edition is z-free. Not everyone went the s way however, as the J.M.Dent edition of 1907 uses mainly z endings except for recognise and its variations, which interestingly are also spelt with an s in the First Edition of Lavengro . This suggests to me that the Dent Everyman edition probably took the spelling of the original.
The introduction to my Romany Rye says that Murray "at last consented to publish the Romany Rye after a series of peremptory notes from the author 'to oblige Mr Borrow'."
ReplyDeleteI haven't done an exhaustive search but my Kindle edition, transcribed from the 1903 Methuen & Co. edition seems to have -ize only.
Interesting; thanks for the info.
ReplyDeleteIt's funny how three editions published at roughly similar times should differ (the Everyman one is 1907). I'll be posting what I've found about various Borrow editions at the weekend.
I suppose what I should really do is try and find other books of that period published by the same publishers, to see if there's a pattern.