This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page.
George Borrow 1803 - 1881
George Henry Borrow (5 July 1803 – 26 July 1881) was an English author who wrote novels and travelogues based on his own experiences traveling around Europe. Over the course of his wanderings, he developed a close affinity with the Romani people of Europe, who figure prominently in his work. His best known books are The Bible in Spain, the autobiographical Lavengro, and The Romany Rye, about his time with the English Romanichal (gypsies).
Wikipedia
Principal works
- The Zincali (1841)
- The Bible in Spain (1843)
- Lavengro (1851)
- The Romany Rye (1857)
- Wild Wales (1862)
Borrow and his publisher.
As far as I can see, all five of Borrow's major works were first published by John Murray of Albemarle Street, one of the principal London publishers of his day, and the publisher of the influential The Quarterly Review.
This 'advertisement' appears at the beginning of the 1900 edition of The Romany Rye, and the date in brackets would suggest that it had originally appeared in the First Edition of 1857.
Advertisement
(1857)
It having been stated in print that the book called Lavengro was got up expressly against the popish agitation in the years 1850-51, the author takes this opportunity of saying that the principal part of that book was written in the year '43, that the whole of it was completed before the termination of the year '46, and that it was in the hands of the publisher in thebyear '48. And here he cannot forbear observing, that it was the duty of that publisher to have rebutted a statement which he knew to be a calumny; and also to have set the public right on another point dealt with in the Appendix to the present work, more especially as he was the proprietor of a Review, enjoying, however undeservedly, a certain sale and reputation.
From the edition published by Murray in 1900
The strange thing is that, as far as I can see, the publisher of Lavengro and that of The Romany Rye, who included this critical passage regarding the former, were in fact one and the same man: John Murray, also publisher of The Quarterly Review.
In a comment on my post concerning -ize suffix verbs in The Quarterly Review, Peter Harvey, of the Lavengro blog, pointed out that in the Introduction in his edition of The Romany Rye, Borrow says that Murray 'at last consented to publish the Romany Rye after a series of peremptory notes from the author "to oblige Mr Borrow".' And in the book itself, he refers to Murray as Glorious John, saying of another writer's book - 'Such a book would be sure to take; even glorious John himself would not disdain to publish it.' Thanks to Peter, by the way, for putting me onto these books.
So was there perhaps a bit of a tiff between them, I wonder, between the publishing of Lavengro and that of The Romany Rye?
General conclusions concerning the spelling of -ize verbs
- The earlier editions of these five books, published by John Murray, mostly had z endings, but certain verbs, most noticeably civilise and recognise, were more likely to have s endings.
- By the turn of the century, those books published by Murray had mainly (but not totally or consistently) changed to s spellings, although certain word families, such as baptise, were likely to keep their z ending.
- By this time some, but not all, other publishers had also moved to s. My feeling is that those who hadn't simply took their versions from earlier editions, rather than making a policy of it (they often kept the same inconsistencies, for example).
- Two things are evident, the earlier editions mostly use z endings, but not exclusively (23 to 16 in the case of The Zincali), and later editions mostly use s endings, but also not exclusively (35 to 12 for Wild Wales).
- As mentioned above, certain verbs, especially civilise and recognise, were more likely to appear with s endings, even early on, and baptise was more likely to keep its z ending, something that's possibly still true today.
The Zincali 1841
The Project Gutenberg version (providence unknown) use mainly s endings except for the baptize family. Murray's earlier 1846 edition is rather mixed: 23 z to 16, something that seems fairly typical for the period. Certain (more common?) verbs seem to be more likely to have an s-ending - apologise, authorise, civilise, criticise, recognise.
Suffix -ize verbs - 43 instances of 20 verbs
Project Gutenberg (edition unknown) | PG | 1846 Murray | |
-ize | -ise | apologising | (1) | 1 | authorised | (1) | 1 | baptize | (1) | 1 | baptized | (6) | 5 | baptizing | (1) | 1 | brutalising | (2) | 2 | civilisation | (1) | 3 | civilised | (8) | 6 | 1 | criticise | (1) | 1 | criticised | (1) | 1 | half-civilised | (1) | 1 | particularised | (1) | 1 | particularising | (1) | 1 | pulverised | (1) | 1 | recognise | (2) | 2 | recognised | (10) | 8 | scandalised | (1) | 1 | stigmatising | (1) | 1 | tantalising | (1) | victimising | (1) |
French -ise verbs - 42 instances of 25 verbs
advised | (1) | advising | (1) | chastised | (1) | chastising | (1) | civilisation | (1) | comprise | (1) | comprises | (1) | despise | (1) | despised | (4) | despises | (1) | devise | (1) | devised | (2) | devising | (1) | disguise | (1) | disguised | (1) | disguising | (1) | enterprising | (4) | exercise | (4) | exercised | (2) | exercising | (4) | revised | (1) | surprise | (1) | surprised | (3) | surprising | (2) | uncompromising | (1) |
Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg
ears a voice which I recognised as that of the Maecenas |
least 1700 years; yet he recognised the Jew of Fez for |
THIS edition has been carefully revised by the author, and some |
of the first countries in civilised Europe where they made their |
whom they are hated and despised. It will perhaps not be |
blessings of a settled and civilised life, or - if abandoning |
a low trafficker, will be surprised to learn, that amongst the |
especially philology, it is only surprising that such a collection still |
art. It is therefore not surprising that in the fifteenth and |
considerable advantage. Poisoning cattle is exercised by them in two ways: |
principals, in those disgraceful and brutalising exhibitions called pugilistic combats. I |
have kept a race so enterprising any considerable length of time, |
some of which do not comprise more than a dozen individuals, |
principle of honour is still recognised amongst them, and base indeed |
anxious to have their children baptized, and to obtain a copy |
that they have there been exercising the arts of the tinker |
that after their arrival in civilised Europe they would have retained |
the Count be unable to devise a method to save their |
authority which he had formerly exercised in the tribe. We had |
ruined walls; I listened, and recognised the language of the abhorred |
words spoken, I thought I recognised the peculiar jargon of my |
had related, took his leave, advising him to compose his spirits, |
my own house, I instantly recognised the effects of the poison |
and suspecting their intentions, I disguised myself as a Gitano, and |
in countenance, being hated and despised by the Spaniards, and persecuted |
or prepared for sale, by disguising them, animals stolen by themselves |
land of mystery to the civilised portion of the world; the |
portion of the world; the enterprising children of Loyola having wandered |
from Paris, the capital of civilisation: in a word, we scarcely |
have been, are gentle and civilised. |
means of sorcery, and so disguise him as to sell him |
without fear of his being recognised. This latter trait is quite |
are of Gypsy race. More enterprising individuals than myself may, perhaps, |
these Gitanas, any one may recognise all the signs of a |
celebrated for the arts of civilisation, imposed upon by the same |
eye, which need not be particularised, as they consist of any |
whom they are hated and despised, and whom they hate and |
and whom they hate and despise, under the names of Busnees |
one knows whether they are baptized. One of the five whom |
a few days ago was baptized in the prison, being at |
village of Torre Perojil, were baptized at the foot of the |
appears to have been most scandalised at the want of religion |
it exhibits some learning, and comprises many curious details respecting the |
these Gitanas any one may recognise all the signs of a |
heretics, and, amongst the Christians, baptizing now and then a child |
very few are known to baptize their children; they are not |
than expelling them. But experience, recognised by grave and respectable men, |
others might not have been devised, better calculated to produce the |
go out, in order to exercise the pursuit of husbandry. In |
may be well excused from particularising. In 1783, a law was |
by the multitude, and severely criticised by the discerning few who |
entitled, 'Rules for repressing and chastising the vagrant mode of life, |
them within the pale of civilised society by pursuing the course |
they shall be prohibited from exercising the same trade, for a |
office, shall be prosecuted and chastised like others guilty of the |
over the face of the civilised globe, and which, in all |
Spanish 'esquilar'; and even whilst exercising this art, they not unfrequently |
customs, and so hardened by brutalising laws. Should so many beings, |
them by the various measures devised, all of which were distinguished |
any want of opportunity of exercising it, but to some other |
when they are bent on victimising. 'A more ugly Busno it |
looked at him, and scarcely recognised his face. It was no |
an engagement, I arose, and apologising, told him I must leave |
by which he may be recognised at some distance, even from |
with which she provokes and despises danger, indicate manners half barbarous, |
fortune, or some other cause, exercise, in appearance, a kind of |
have a fine opportunity to exercise her powers, and whilst taking |
according to Martin Del Rio, advised to sell nothing out of |
small portion of the stone pulverised, at the time of going |
the old woman - the tantalising knock at the door - |
(59) because they are not baptized.' |
an Englishman, and is not baptized; what cares he for souls? |
characteristic is religious veneration, and uncompromising zeal for the glory of |
to find fault with or criticise these songs, we have to |
for themselves. They are a half-civilised, unlettered people, proverbial for a |
we shall find little to surprise us in this predilection for |
highest price which he was authorised to give for the animal |
with none. Can we be surprised, therefore, that, mistaken in policy, |
been permitted by Providence to exercise, without control or reproof, the |
nor exert them but in devising low and vulgar schemes of |
perhaps, ought not to be surprised that in the scanty phraseology |
to the philologist, who, whilst stigmatising them as words of mere |
his lettered attention - the despised denizens of the tents of |
indebted to the well-known and enterprising traveller, Mr. Vigne, whose highly |
times compelled people far more civilised than wandering Gypsies. |
The Bible in Spain 1843
Both Murrays's 1843 edition and the Project Gutenberg version, based on the Cassel edition of 1908, mainly use z-endings, but notice the use of s for apologise, civilise and recognise. This is similar to The Zincali.
Suffix -ize verbs - 53 instances of 32 verbs
Project Gutenberg | 1843 First Edition | ||||||
(Cassel 1908) | Vol 1 | Vol 2 | Vol 3 | ||||
-ize | -ise | -ize | -ise | -ize | -ise | anathematized | (1) | 1 | apologised | (2) | 1 | 1 | apologize | (1) | 1 | apologizing | (1) | authorize | (1) | 1 | baptized | (1) | 1 | brutalize | (1) | 1 | civilisation | (1) | civilised | (2) | civilization | (4) | 2 | civilized | (3) | 1 | 1 | 2 | criticising | (1) | 1 | criticized | (1) | 1 | familiarized | (1) | 1 | harmonize | (1) | 1 | idolized | (1) | 1 | immortalized | (1) | 1 | lutheranized | (1) | 1 | organize | (1) | realize | (1) | 3 | realized | (1) | recognise | (1) | 1 | recognised | (7) | 5 | 2 | 4 | recognising | (1) | 1 | 1 | recognize | (1) | recognized | (8) | 1 | recognizing | (1) | revolutionize | (1) | 1 | scandalized | (1) | 1 | scrutinizing | (2) | 2 | unauthorized | (1) | unbaptized | (1) | 1 |
French -ise verbs - 69 instances of 23 verbs
advertised | (2) | advise | (8) | advised | (12) | adviser | (1) | advisers | (1) | advising | (1) | comprised | (1) | compromising | (1) | despise | (1) | despised | (4) | devise | (1) | devised | (1) | disguise | (1) | disguised | (2) | disguises | (1) | exercised | (1) | exercises | (1) | realize | (1) | surprise | (1) | surprised | (16) | surprises | (2) | surprising | (8) | undisguised | (1) |
Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg
It is truly surprising what little interest the great |
to the peace, happiness, and civilisation of his native land. |
of a billow, and instantly recognised in the unfortunate man the |
mouths wide. Is it surprising that the English are, in |
of the city are those comprised within the valley to the |
he said that nothing more surprised him than to see Englishmen, |
was my pleasure. I apologised for intruding upon him, and |
were sensible enough; indeed, nothing surprised me more than the free |
night. The fellow on recognising him took him aside, and, |
English, for they are not baptized, and have not the law,” |
England, no one who was unbaptized could be buried in consecrated |
occurred, I have been frequently surprised that I experienced no insult |
I would strongly advise any of my countrymen who |
hour of refection. I apologised, and was preparing to retire, |
visibly increased, though, perhaps, a scrutinizing observer might have detected a |
longer be tolerated in any civilized, or at least Christian, country! |
looked with wonder at this surprising female, and could scarcely believe |
relate to yourself, therefore I advise you not to inquire about |
I confess that I am surprised to see a gentleman of |
upon me, and I instantly recognized the sharp clever features of |
at her heels is truly surprising: where she turns, they turn, |
an Englishman?” demanded I, much surprised. |
else you could not have recognized me by the tone of |
you have seen how I recognized you even in the dark |
Myself.—What you say surprises me. Have you reason |
depart. My companion, however, advised me to remain where I |
upon me with a peculiarly scrutinizing glance. |
riding of an English jockey criticized, but it was by the |
He hated Mendizabal with undisguised rancour, and never spoke of |
to the duke, which he advised me to present when I |
from them, just as if civilization could exist where the light |
for its high state of civilization, and the unmatched prosperity which |
“Have you, then, realized a large capital in Spain?” |
to distribute it. I strongly advise you to see Isturitz himself |
colleagues even infected Quesada, who, disguised as a civilian, took to |
as the rest, but was recognised at a village about three |
however, I felt very much surprised; for having passed it twice |
“You recognized me at once for an |
talk politics, which the more surprised me, knowing, as I did, |
not. I would not advise you to trust them.” |
on which the holy office exercises its functions. I need |
worship’s approbation, as it is devised solely for your benefit, and |
and occasionally a most discreet adviser: she entered into all my |
sixteen, was bidding fair to realize the warmest hopes of his |
disaster, and I was only surprised that the enemy did not |
Mind—The Whisper—Salamanca—Irish Hospitality—Spanish Soldiers—The Scriptures advertised. |
the wealthy are not blindly idolized. In Spain the very |
has tended to debase and brutalize the human mind. |
if they courted danger, and despised it. In every respect |
countenance which I at once recognized: “Benedict Mol,” said I, “is |
whom I told my business, advised me to send for a |
Benedict.—He advised me to go to the |
the comforts of life and civilized habits, are confessedly far behind |
comments that every person was scandalized; they cared nothing about the |
I would not, however, advise you to give that pony |
well does it seem to realize all his visions of this |
his musket, to drive back unauthorized intruders. I now looked |
by means of which you disguise yourself, and appear tall or |
Alcalde.—How surprising! I see, indeed, that |
heard that the English highly prize this eccentric book. How |
so patiently. But what surprised me most was, that after |
were of the Carlist persuasion, advised him to betake himself to |
and all its circumstances, freely criticising the conduct of the generals, |
was despatched to Estremadura, to organize the militias. The bands |
a plan to escape together; disguises were provided, and we made |
desert me. I was disguised as a carman, as a |
party of Carlists had just surprised that place, and were searching |
it might be induced to recognize the young queen, not as |
however modified, may still be recognized as Sanskrit. But what |
I have spoken of the surprising number of Sanskrit words contained |
I was advised to erase from the shop |
said he would endeavour to devise some plan to satisfy me. |
time also printed, was likewise advertised. For this last work |
Gypsy books, which were to revolutionize the country, and annihilate the |
habits of wandering having long familiarized me to situations of every |
may go. I therefore advise you, if you are under |
have had no difficulty in recognizing them. They glanced at |
of the tarde, I therefore advise you to lose no time |
That, however, which most surprises me with respect to you |
of the embassy, however, had advised me how to act in |
anything else. Now be advised, forget what has happened; you |
forgive; so, Don Jorge, I advise you to leave this place |
in company of their ghostly advisers. |
frivolous, how vanity and crime harmonize. The Spanish robbers are |
What most surprised me with respect to the |
any particular care which was exercised over them; for perhaps in |
countries, and more particularly in civilized France; nor are his eyes |
Spanish, and to my great surprise excellent Basque, in which he |
of the dungeon. He recognized me, and reminded me of |
I know not; he was recognized, however, at a village in |
us; we shall all be Lutheranized. What infamy, what rascality! |
became full of new and surprising strength, and I strode forward, |
and taciturn, which the more surprised me, as, up to the |
whom I confess I heartily despised, and I was unwilling to |
I; “return to the Duke, apologize for your behaviour, request your |
It is not, therefore, surprising that men thus circumstanced should |
as to myself, he was surprised that, being once lodged in |
was of course very much surprised, but summoning all my Latinity, |
business of his own and recognised the box, which he instantly |
The reader will be surprised when I state that in |
with people. I was recognised in a moment, and twenty |
understand her, and waxing angry, anathematized her for a witch, and |
pleasure, though I was much surprised to remark, that when the |
adopted this most unprofitable and despised one. Oft have I |
so many years in a civilised country like this of Spain, |
the church; now pray be advised, and you shall be none |
years since in Seville, a despised vagabond. He left behind |
Tormes. Cervantes himself has immortalized this strand in the most |
latter place, where he likewise advised me to sleep, in order |
of steam in spreading abroad civilization, and I think justly. |
is the dawn of their civilization. |
where the people were most civilised, without experiencing some insult, so |
that is Solomons, when I despise them. I do not |
genuine English soldier. I prize the sturdy Scot, I love |
start until the following morning, advising me at the same time |
Lib. Thou didst not recognise me, but I knew thee |
within the cave which would authorize the adoption of such an |
but the old Genoese mate advised me to stay, assuring me |
Starting up, however, I recognised the singular-looking Jew whom I |
of Judah Lib. He recognised me also, and nodding, bent |
Genoese brought me a portion, apologizing at the same time, for |
place. He smiled, and advised me to proceed with considerable |
to the Neapolitan consul, who prizes himself upon possessing the best |
They are afraid of compromising his dignity by supposing that |
man, whom I at once recognised as one of the Algerines, |
Lavengro 1851
There are two versions of the original 1851 edition at Google Books, but unfortunately the only complete one is American-published and so not suitable for this research. The other was published by John Murray in London, but consists only of Volume 1 of 3. From the results of these though, it is fairly clear that z spellings were used for -ize verbs, with the exception of recognise.
Project Gutenberg has several editions. I've used a transcription from the 1914 edition from T.N.Foulis, published in Edinburgh. There's also one from an edition published by Macmillan in 1900. As far as I can see they are identical, and both use s spellings for -ize verbs throughout.
Suffix -ize verbs - 38 instances of 20 verbs
Project Gutenberg (PG Foulis 1914) | PG | 1851 Murray | |
-ize | -ise | ||
apologise | (1) | ||
baptized | (2) | 2 | |
bowdlerised | (1) | ||
civilisation | (2) | ||
civilised | (1) | 1 | |
eulogise | (1) | ||
moraliser | (1) | 1 | |
patronise | (2) | ||
patronising | (1) | ||
plariarise | (1) | ||
proselytise | (1) | ||
realising | (2) | ||
recognise | (1) | 1 | |
recognised | (9) | 2 | |
recognising | (2) | 2 | |
scandalised | (2) | ||
sympathise | (2) | ||
sympathised | (3) | 1 | |
temporising | (1) | ||
tranquillised | (1) |
French -ise verbs - 48 instances of 17 verbs
advertise | (2) |
advise | (7) |
advised | (7) |
advising | (1) |
comprise | (1) |
despise | (1) |
despised | (4) |
despiser | (1) |
devise | (1) |
disguise | (1) |
disguised | (1) |
exercise | (4) |
exercised | (3) |
exercising | (1) |
surprised | (10) |
surprises | (1) |
surprising | (2) |
Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg
into whose communion I was baptized, and to which my forefathers |
religion in which I was baptized, and of my forefathers, would |
Yes, mother, thou didst recognise in the distant street the |
disposed, under similar circumstances, to exercise the same species of charity |
myself. I am no moraliser; but the gay and rapid |
pervade my whole arm, which surprised me the more, as the |
relating it, as it subsequently exercised considerable influence over my pursuits. |
thee, thou fine old chap, despiser of dissenters, and hater of |
with this journey which highly surprised me, and which brought to |
a notorious malefactor. I recognised him at once; the horseman |
of the figure, and had recognised it: it was the wild |
Ireland in the cause of civilisation and religious truth; they were |
the most trivial and unimportant, exercise a mighty and permanent influence |
lay in their way with surprising agility; the animal was, however, |
eyes like plums, and on recognising any one would exalt a |
uncouth fowling-piece, I am less surprised at the number of birds |
used, I should never have recognised you.’ |
language was doubtless that which exercised the greatest influence over my |
however thou mayest seek to disguise the truth. Yes, yes, |
back as I could remember exercised the strongest influence over my |
I understood—English words, though strangely disguised; and I said to myself, |
always been in use amongst civilised people—the worship of spirits is |
a much higher state of civilisation than the Celts ever did, |
cloud. ‘I love to exercise hospitality to wandering strangers, especially |
magistrate, and, of course, cannot patronise the thing very openly, yet |
is becoming bitter, and to prize the blessings around us; for |
smile of triumph, as, probably recognising me in the crowd, he |
accompanied by his dog, who sympathised entirely with him, pining as |
word.’ Is it not surprising that the language of Mr. |
how must I have been surprised, who was reading a newspaper |
‘Then, sir, I would advise you to lose no time |
a certain degree, his sentiments, temporising with the old gentlemen, with |
nodded to me with a patronising air. ‘Glad to see |
of course I was much surprised, and for a minute or |
were somewhat short. He recognised my brother, and appeared glad |
they had lived neglected and despised, and, when they p. 265died, |
‘connected with this matter which surprises me—your own lukewarmness. Yes, |
appeared to me that I recognised both individuals—the man whose pocket |
servants to servants; persecuted and despised by all.’ |
with the comfortable hope of realising, in a short time, a |
novel, otherwise he would not advertise for one. Suppose I |
abundant—hungry talent too—a bookseller can advertise for a tale or a |
but stores of information which surprised me. So pleased did |
as secure, I should have prized it so much, that I |
very kind to me; he advised me to travel, he offered |
how I came originally to devise them, and by dint of |
all, it is better to plariarise from the features of my |
discountenance everything low and mean; advised him to eschew trade, and |
who has come over to proselytise and plunder. This being |
I don’t know how to advise you. As for selling |
Slingsby had spoken in particular, advising me to mend them as |
countenance. I had, however, recognised her voice; it was that |
However, I should not be surprised if he were to come |
that sometimes what I said surprised the good Methodist. We |
I should not have been surprised. The Welsh have much |
presence upon his scholars, he advised me to go home; which |
said he; “if so, I advise thee to surrender thyself to |
different persuasions. Hence he advised me to seek the advice |
me, however, p. 488they all advised me to read the Scriptures |
a perverse, inasmuch as you despise Welsh without understanding it. |
frequent occurrence amongst children has tranquillised him; the mist which hung |
said I; ‘I would not advise any one to speak ill |
weeks ago, that I was exercising my ministry about forty miles |
brother; it taught me to prize fair play. When I |
going; I think I can advise you to just such a |
on whose hoofs I could exercise my art, I made my |
the reader need not be surprised if I speak occasionally in |
creature whinnied, and appeared to sympathise with me. What a |
even a dumb brute, to sympathise with me at such a |
were. Oh, how I sympathised with Saul, the tall dark |
like him; but I now sympathised with Saul, for my own |
and drank ale, as you advised me; it cheered, strengthened, and |
the dingle, in whom I recognised the man in black whom |
me, before I go, to apologise for my intrusion.’ |
themselves,’ said I; ‘but I advise you, if you ever come |
let old gouty George once patronise it, and I would consent |
kind p. 594or other to eulogise us, provided our religion were |
account, perhaps, they are so despised, even by those who benefit |
I, ‘on which account I advise you to seek shelter from |
slaves to Jamaica and Barbadoes, realising immense profit, besides the pleasure |
in the family, my master advised me to leave, offering to |
said that if he was scandalised at my behaviour in the |
the church, I was more scandalised at all I saw going |
did so merely because he despised the Whiggish principles of Lord |
figure which I thought I recognised. I looked at it |
do not know, but I recognised the face it showed me |
books. The forty-four illustrations comprise many contemporary portraits, including Baron |
and personal foibles are not bowdlerised; but the author’s taste is |
The Romany Rye 1857
The version at Google Books is a 1914 reprint of the Sixth 'Definitive' Edition of 1900 (publisher's description), published by Johm Murray. Although it calls itself Volume 1 of 2, it has exactly the same number of chapters as the version at Project Gutenberg (PG), which is taken from an edition form J.M.Dent, published in 1907. So they are comparable.
Notes
- While the Dent 1907 edition mainly uses z spellings, the Murray 1914 reprint is a z-fee zone.
- There is one -ize verb with s spellings in the Dent edition - recognise / recognising
- According to Peter Harvey, his Kindle version based on the 1903 Methuen & Co. edition, seems to have -ize only (although of course, Amazon might have used an edition published in the U.S.) So editions published by different publishers at much the same date, might go either way.
Suffix -ize verbs - 29 instances of 19 verbs
As in PG | 1907 | 1914 | |
-ize | -ise | ||
agonized | (2) | 1 | |
agonizing | (1) | 1 | |
apologized | (4) | 4 | |
authorize | (1) | 1 | |
authorized | (1) | 2 | |
baptized | (1) | 1 | |
civilization | (2) | 2 | |
moralize | (2) | 2 | |
organization | (1) | 1 | |
organized | (1) | 1 | |
realize | (1) | ||
realizing | (2) | 1 | |
recognised | (1) | 3 | |
recognising | (1) | 1 | |
recognize | (1) | ||
recognized | (2) | ||
revolutionize | (1) | 1 | |
scandalized | (1) | 1 | |
sympathize | (2) | 3 |
French -ise verbs - 68 instances of 21 verbs
advise | (8) |
advised | (6) |
advises | (4) |
advising | (4) |
chastised | (1) |
chastising | (1) |
despise | (4) |
despised | (6) |
despises | (1) |
devise | (1) |
devised | (2) |
devising | (1) |
disguised | (1) |
disguising | (1) |
enterprise | (1) |
exercise | (2) |
patronizers | (1) |
surprise | (2) |
surprised | (14) |
surprises | (1) |
surprising | (6) |
Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg
at first with the utmost surprise, not unmixed, I could observe, |
offended,” he added, “I shall prize it all the more for |
are forgotten. I am surprised that they have not been |
with a look of some surprise. |
of the latter have occasionally surprised us—for example, Bunyan. The |
have myself admission, as a surprising young gentleman of infinite learning, |
the man in black: “I advise you to leave the dingle |
I will forward it, and advise you to do the same. |
for this; you have frequently surprised me by your knowledge of |
to confusion, because God hath despised them,’” said Belle; “I have |
in her hand, whom I recognised as Mrs. Chikno, sat near |
the truth, I am altogether surprised at the illiberality of my |
and, with a significant nod, advised me to take care how |
extempore; his doing so rather surprised and offended me at first; |
I thought to myself how scandalized the people of D--- would |
who were poor outcasts, and despised by everybody. My friends,” |
in exchange; who are outcast, despised, and miserable?’ Now was |
never get another.” What surprises me is, that he ever |
“Why, ’t is advised by gypsy liri, brother. |
still very beautiful, but I advise you to accept the first |
change the subject; it is surprising to me that, after all |
them were vain, they merely prized their beauty because it gave |
growled and barked; but presently recognising me, they were again silent, |
serpent-killer, to wrestle with her, disguising him in his own armour. |
leaving my tent, I was surprised to observe Belle, entirely dressed, |
as I was walking about, apologized for his behaviour on the |
overtook her, she would only despise me for running after her;” |
or not, I should heartily despise myself. So I determined |
longer agitated by apprehension, nor agonized by expectation, I was soon |
say you are a bit surprised with regard to the change |
avoid laying out money.” Surprised at his saying that I |
me to execute some grand enterprise or other. My present |
species, did not appear to sympathize at all with its rider |
book into my hand, and advised me to take it every |
found myself nodding, and a surprising desire to sleep coming over |
a postillion, whom I instantly recognized as he to whom I |
safe; and, moreover, shouldn’t have despised myself. To curry favour |
which means you will give exercise to yourself and horse, and, |
whom were great friends and patronizers of the landlord, and were |
The other, without manifesting much surprise, said, “I thank you; and |
for a moment motionless with surprise; but, recollecting himself, he pointed |
like to see their brother chastised in such tremendous fashion. |
and said, “If you are surprised to see me, I am |
resolution, at the same time advising him not to give up |
may carry the blessings of civilization and religion to barbarous, yet |
in one of whom I recognized the man in black, and |
me that he seemed to recognize me for the first time, |
allowing the gang the free exercise of their calling. Anybody |
man, seriously, “then I can sympathize with you in your anxiety |
cheer; I should not be surprised if you are yet in |
back, as the surgeon had advised me, when I heard steps |
words were kind. What surprised me most in connection with |
slits or cuts, used for chastising disorderly urchins at the High |
the neighbourhood, I felt no surprise, and forthwith departed in company |
I was filled with surprise and consternation. I knew |
short preamble, in which he apologized to the bench for interfering, |
hoped in her company to realize the choicest earthly happiness, a |
of practising resignation, and of realizing the benefit of being afflicted. |
the necessity of rousing myself, advising me to occupy my mind |
they meant. ‘I strongly advise you,’ said he, ‘to attempt |
and also to take moderate exercise, and to see after your |
of the day took moderate exercise, and attended to little domestic |
learned that the surgeon, in advising me to study the marks, |
I paid, the other pieces realizing very little. I did |
in. I need not advise you not to be taken |
which I could not well exercise him in the street, on |
your terms. I would advise you to be cautious how |
a fair son, who was baptized by the name of John. |
to be instructed in knightly exercises, and made him a present |
Bashaw Isack; and though himself surprised and routed at St. Imre, |
It was he who organized the Hussar force, and it |
for them. A gallant enterprise that siege of Vienna, the |
exhibiting the slightest mark of surprise. William smiled, and slightly |
Rogue,’ a book which, however despised, was written by a remarkable |
fairs in all kinds of disguises; my father was a first-rate |
a first-rate hand at a disguise, and could appear of all |
in Yorkshire, where my father, disguised as a Quaker, attempted to |
person to destruction. I advised him to try and make |
him to let it be, advising him to go and steal |
the trap, I contrived to prize them open, and get old |
that many a dentist will moralize on the decays which human |
when one was about to moralize, do you see, oneself, and |
brisk and lively in a surprising degree.” |
I apologized to Murtagh for interrupting him, |
they had raised for their enterprise. Murtagh was deemed the |
and the leaders, though somewhat surprised, assenting, he went to a |
his bodily frame by robust exercises, his successive struggles, after his |
warm affections, who, after an agonizing separation, are restored to each |
God, which is kindness in disguise, become snakes and scorpions to |
contained a balm for the agonized mind of poor Peter Williams. |
fond of healthy and invigorating exercises, and felt a willingness to |
but Buddhism under a slight disguise, and the European world in |
the cause of religion and civilization with the colours of that |
everything English; he does not advise his country people never to |
his countrymen—a telling fact—affect to despise, and, of course, the Anglo-Germanists: |
of wretches who, since their organization, have introduced crimes and language |
and which are his own devising; which shares he sells as |
a being to be shunned, despised, or hooted. Genteel! |
upon are valuable, so he prizes much which the world condemns; |
admires are contemptible, so he despises much which the world does |
not; but when the world prizes what is really excellent, he |
then will say that he prizes a thing or a person |
which he had, are not advised to follow his example. |
had had sufficient funds to authorize him in wearing them. |
individuals of certain classes can prize a gentleman, notwithstanding seedy raiment, |
against the victim, scouted him, apologized for the—what should they be |
gentility-nonsense; no person can possibly despise it more thoroughly than that |
whether they most hated or despised him. Religion he had |
one or other of the enterprises of those periods; and the |
and openness; and the author advises all those whose consciences never |
In conclusion, the writer would advise those of his country-folks who |
but let them take wholesome exercise, and eat the most generous |
that he by no means advises women to be too womanly, |
Now the writer strongly advises any woman who is struck |
clench her fists, and he advises all women in these singular |
it was an autobiography; never authorized any person to say that |
he could not read, and devised an ingenious plan for teaching |
neither read nor write, and devised an ingenious plan for teaching |
number of ragged individuals are surprised in a stable in Cato |
for revolutions and attempts to revolutionize, exclaiming now and then, as |
hatred is by no means surprising. There is certainly a |
to cause him the slightest surprise, for he had discovered a |
Who, swollen with selfish vanity, devise False freedoms, |
applied for ages ceases to surprise, for genteel is heathenish. |
Wild Wales 1862
While the earlier Murray editions mainly had z endings (except for recognise), his 1907 edition, used by Project Gutenverg, had moved to mainly s, but this wasn't consistent - about 35 s to 12 z.
Suffix -ize verbs - 47 instances of 31 verbs
Project Gutenberg (1907 John Murray) | John Murray | ||||
1862 | 1872 | ||||
-ize | -ise | -ize | -ise | agonizing | (1) | 1 | apologise | (2) | 2 | apologised | (2) | 1 | 2 | apologising | (1) | 1 | authorised | (2) | 1 | 2 | baptised | (1) | baptized | (1) | 1 | 2 | botanize | (1) | 1 | botanizing | (1) | 1 | 1 | canonization | (1) | civilised | (1) | colonised | (1) | colonisers | (1) | immortalized | (1) | 1 | modernized | (1) | 1 | moralise | (1) | 1 | patronise | (2) | 2 | patronised | (2) | patronising | (1) | 1 | patronize | (1) | 3 | patronized | (1) | 3 | poetizing | (1) | 1 | realised | (1) | 1 | recognise | (2) | 3 | recognised | (9) | 2 | 6 | 1 | recognises | (1) | 1 | recognising | (1) | 1 | satirizing | (1) | 1 | scandalized | (2) | 2 | sympathise | (1) | 1 | tyrannise | (2) |
French -ise verbs - 53 instances of 16 verbs
advise | (8) | advised | (7) | adviser | (1) | chastise | (1) | comprises | (1) | comprising | (2) | compromising | (1) | despise | (2) | despised | (1) | disguise | (1) | enterprising | (2) | exercised | (1) | surprise | (4) | surprised | (12) | surprising | (8) | undisguised | (1) |
Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg
a being as daring and enterprising as the Welshman, but a |
of the river. I apologised, and contrived to enter into |
looked at me with some surprise. “No,” said he, after |
the Wyddfa I must have recognised it, having been at its |
a high bank, whom I recognised as the mower with whom |
You need not be surprised, sir; there are plenty of |
to it was very extensive, comprising, amongst other districts, the vale |
Berwyn, for the purpose of botanizing, in which we were attended |
was a good gwesty, and advised me to go and refresh |
Geraint or Barber’s Hill, to botanize. Here we found a |
that I too had been baptized, he asked me if I |
and found to my great surprise that he had a considerable |
Rather surprised that a person of his |
sir;” said the man evidently surprised that a person of my |
of the female ones of surprising sweetness. At the conclusion |
that no one will be surprised when I say that I |
justice supported by the State, authorised and empowered to carry the |
it.’ Therefore I would advise you to brace up your |
the southern side, and which comprises the church and the little |
is the reception of this despised race of the wandering stranger |
At Maidan at Constantinople with surprising exactness. |
the dyffryn, I at once recognised in it that of a |
“Then I would advise you to lose no time,” |
if you think proper to patronise my house, the --- Arms, |
“I will most certainly patronise your house,” said I to |
by so doing I was patronising the poet, and lo, I |
his house, and when he advised me to call for a |
had promised the poet to patronize his house, and had by |
Decidedly not! I had patronised a house which I believed |
be the poet’s; if I patronised the wrong one, the fault |
Wales. It is really surprising that the men of Llydaw |
“I despise railroads,” said I, “and those |
Caernarvon and Beth Gelert, strongly advised me to return to Bangor |
the mountainous region of Eryri, comprising some of the most romantic |
such a creature; and am surprised that any people in these |
general. I am rather surprised that a dog in the |
with his usual look of undisguised admiration, about the absolute necessity |
telling her to Festiniog, she advised me to go by a |
to circumstances. I strongly advise you, Mr, to put that |
should know—and their very children sympathise with them. All conquered |
On his entrance I recognised in him the magistrate’s clerk, |
this news does not regularly surprise me! I can easily |
are not likely to be realised. Oes y byd i’r |
and in this posture sleep surprised me. Amongst the proverbial |
attempted to slaughter. I recognised him by a patch which |
me, and I thought I recognised the elder of the two |
a rage or madness for poetizing, that I would make a |
his sister, and determined to chastise me. One Sunday evening |
fool for his pains, and advised him to go and load |
he went on dallying and compromising with the lawyer, till he |
interlude as a means of satirizing the vices of the popish |
it is not meet to despise a poor man, who conducts |
then appears the Fool to moralise and dismiss the audience. |
lost your way?” I recognised it as that of the |
on my left, which I recognised as the lake of Bala. |
He passed without appearing to recognise me, and I, thinking it |
tread. He looked rather surprised at seeing the doctor and |
cross was emblematic of His surprising love and His willingness to |
next halt, and had been advised by him to stop at |
I were not he would advise me to go on, as |
in Welsh to his professional adviser. Not wishing to hear |
“Well, I suppose you would advise me to go by the |
down before a turf fire, apologising for its smoking very much. |
The kind young book-keeper now advised us to set out without |
agility of the young girls surprised me; they sprang over the |
half, they darted away with surprising swiftness down a hill towards |
said the landlord, with a surprised and dissatisfied air, “that you |
“Ah,” said I, recognising the old mining captain with |
ecclesiastical law, however, did not recognise these poetical marriages, and the |
There was, however, nothing surprising in this; he was a |
slightest hurry: I would not advise a road-walker, even if he |
woman, who, to my great surprise, could not speak a word |
of various powerful individuals who patronized him, he travelled through Ireland, |
“I suppose you are surprised to see me here; I |
sixteenth century. He was baptised by the name of Thomas |
cleverness and adroitness which he exercised in his calling; qualities in |
she might know he was authorised to receive the money. |
his death the crown of canonization having been awarded to Dewi, |
the Cumry the arts of civilised life, to build comfortable houses, |
“Well, then, I would just advise your honour to do no |
out, the Duke of York apologised to Griffith, and besought his |
the interior has been sadly modernized. It contains no remarkable |
worst of his parishioners were scandalized, and said: “Bad as we |
Rather surprised at the name, which signifies |
“How do the English tyrannise over Ireland?” |
“How do they tyrannise over her? Don’t they |
of Wales which the Flemings colonised in any considerable numbers. |
to Cardiff. It is surprising how similar many of the |
but also by genius and enterprising spirit, and by such a |
Taf, who should wish to apologise for the rather smutty appearance |
so that the people were scandalized, and would take me by |
that, honey; and I would advise people to avoid it even |
great a torment as an agonizing recollection, a cold shrill laugh |
always at war, have been immortalized by the great war-bard, Dafydd |
Gael, who were the first colonisers of the Peninsula, and whose |
and at last thought I recognised the features of the uncouth |
a prince. It is surprising how similar in meaning the |
or if one thinks one recognises it, it is under such |
it is under such a disguise that one is rather timorous |
defrauded by any attempt to apologise for the actions of the |
Links
At Project Gutenberg
- The Zincali - edition unknown
- The Bible in Spain - transcribed from 1908 Cassel and Company edition
- Lavengro - transcribed from edition by T.N.Foulis, Edinburgh 1914
- Lavengro - transcribed from 1900 Macmillan edition
- The Romany Rye - transcribed from the 1907 J. M. Dent Edition
- Wild Wales - transcribed for 1907 Murray edition
At Wikipedia
- George Borrow
- The Zincali 1841
- The Bible in Spain 1843
- Lavengro 1851
- Romany Rye 1857
- Wild Wales 1862
- John Murray (publisher)
Other
- The Life of George Borrow by Herbert Jenkins (John Murray) 1912 - Read online or download PDFs
- George Borrow Studies
- The George Borrow Society
- The George Borrow Trust
At Google Books
- The Zincali 1843 Philadelphia
- The Zincali 1846 London
- The Bible in Spain Vol 1 London 1843
- The Bible in Spain Vol 2 1843 London
- The Bible in Spain Vol 3 1843 London
- Lavengro 1851 Vol 1/3 London
- Lavengro 1851 New York
- The Romany Rye London 1857 Vol 1/2 Murray
- The Romany Rye London 1914 Vol 1/2 Murray
- Wild Wales Vol 1/3 London 1862
- Wild Wales complete London 1872 (Murray)
- Tales of the Wild and Wonderful London 1867 Milner and Sowerby
- Romantic Ballads London 1826 (John Taylor)
Congratulations once again on the research, and of course for the mention of my blog. There is a problem with John Murray – they were all called John, and indeed John Murray VII is alive now and was running the company till it was taken over.
ReplyDeleteGlorious John was John Murray II. He published The Zincali and The Bible in Spain but it was his son, John Murray III, who published Lavengro and The Romany Rye. Lavengro was not an immediate success; it came too late after The Bible in Spain and has what must be the most abrupt ending in all literature, in the middle of a crucial scene that is itself interrupted by a 9,000-word interpolated story. Then, when Murray saw The Romany Rye, which follows immediately on from the ending of Lavengro, he wanted to make major changes. Some of them would have helped the book but others most certainly would not. Borrow insisted he would change nothing. It was published but, as you suggest, the men were not on the best of terms by then.
Thanks for the comment and for clearing that up. I was aware that Glorious John was John Murray II, but I'd forgotten he'd died in 1843. Thanks again for putting me on to these books. One day I might even get round to reading one.
ReplyDelete